Due to superior economic power of the developed states and being inefficient resort countermeasures prescribed in Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) of the WTO by the developing states against violations by these states, the idea of resort collective countermeasures has been proposed. Evaluation of the WTO agreements, particularly DSU, indicates that with considering the nature of the obligations contained in these agreements and conditions of resort countermeasures in DSU, the possibility of resort collective countermeasures is based on provisions of WTO is facing serious doubt. On the other hand, application of the rules of general international law in this area is not possible, because there is serious doubt about the right of resort collective countermeasures on general international law; and also system of provisions of DSU is lex specialis and a self-contained law.

This article studies the content of the principle of “Criminal law is the last resort” as well as its foundations and argumentations. According to the principle, criminal sanctions should be chosen only in cases where other ways and legal sanctions don’t work. The article refers to some critics raised against the principle. But according to the author, these critics often address efficiency of the principle as preventing over criminalization and not the core content of the principle and its authenticity. The article finally foundations and concepts in Islamic teachings the article concludes that the principle is, generally, compatible with Islamic teachings.

The current study aimed at examining the standardization of a questionnaire named ‘Ski Resort Visitors’ Motivation’ (Wei, 2009) in Tehran province. The population consisted of all the ski resort visitors in Tehran province (Dizin, Abali, Shemshak, and Tochal). Using Morgan table, 370 out of more than 10000 visitors were selected as the sample of the study. The data were collected Wei’s (2008) 22-item questionnaire comprising of six components: experience, physical fitness, relaxation, self-achievement, professional skills and interpersonal relationships. The questionnaire was scored based on the 5-point Likert scale. Face and content validities of the questionnaire were verified by sport management professors in sport tourism discipline as well as several psychometric scholars; the reliability was obtained by Cronbach’s alpha (a=0.84). Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine factor structure and conformity factor analysis was employed to determine the construct validity using SPSS and LISREL. The results revealed that the questionnaire had an acceptable internal consistency and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were 0.65 to 0.86 for its components. Moreover, the structure of the questionnaire showed an acceptable fit with data, and all measures of good fit verified the model. The factor analysis results were almost similar to the results of the studies conducted in the original culture and the reliability and validity coefficients were close to those of the other studies. Thus, as this questionnaire is suitable, it can be used to identify and know ski resort visitors’ motivations.

On April 14, 2018, the United States, Britain and France launched missile attacks on specific targets in the Syrian Arab Republic, including the provinces of Damascus and Homs. According to coalition of three states, these attacks were followed by the Syrian government's use of chemical weapons and targeted solely against its chemical weapons facilities. What have in the days after the act been at the forefront of international law theorists and politicians, were the legality and legitimacy of the attack. Emmanuel Macron calls it legitimate and legal, Theresa May calls it legitimate and moral and Donald Trump considers it necessary, on time and human. At the state level, a few states condemned the action, some supported it, and the majority did not take a definite position. Lawyers also expressed different opinions: Some considered the attack as a clear violation of the three permanent members of the Security Council not only to Syria but also to the international law; some also justified the attack and argued for legitimacy. The present article is intended to analyze the attack in the context of public international law.

The Lorestan province is one of the most suitable areas of Iran for planning and development of tourism projects based on natural resources; the position of province in the zone of central Zagros Mountains with numerous elevations and holds the snow is caused to be desirable potential of development recreation and Mountain sports. The main objective of this article is locating and identifies favorable zones of province for construction of ski resort with emphasis on geomorphologic characteristics. In this article that is done in two stages, has been used of the geomorphologic information layers, climatic elements, land use, supplementary data and data extracted from the questionnaires and interviews. Stages of prioritize, weighting and normalization of input criteria have been implemented in the specialized software’ s and multivariate models of integrating layer in geographic information system (GIS). The first stage results showed that in case study range, located in 3 regions, so convenient zones; northern slopes of the Oshtorankooh Mountains, Ghalikooh and Gareen elevations. In the second stage, Oshtorankooh that in terms of the 8 initial natural index was identified as one of the suitable regions to create ski resort, in terms of the studied supplementary indicators that is included the infrastructures and wind speed indicator, is in more suitable situation compared to Ghalikooh and Gareen elevations, thus in terms of collection of studied indicators is most suitable region for the construction of ski resort

This study aimed at evaluating the economic valuation of agricultural ecosystem services of paddy fields in Qaimshahr County of Iran using the conditional logit model. For this purpose, the required information was collected through the questionnaires completed by 252 rice farmers and users of the rice field ecosystem in urban and rural areas within interviews and face-to-face visits in 1400. The study results showed that in order to improve the functioning of the rice paddy ecosystem, the respondents were willing to participate in the related projects, so that the willingness to pay to improve the production and recreational functions, respectively, were equal to 2,843,855 and 5,118,800 IRI rials for each household per year; in addition, the economic value of production and resort functions, respectively, were estimated as 292,775 and 526,980.5 million IRI rials per year, and the total economic value of the functions of the rice paddy ecosystem of Qaimshahri households was calculated as 819,755 million IRI rials per year. Since among the studied functions, the resort function had the highest willingness to pay, based on the findings of the research, it is suggested that the authorities of this area should create the necessary recreational facilities in prone areas, including the creation of artificial lakes and shade, creating the gazebos as well as improvement of the road condition with the cooperation of charity donors, farmers and the people of the region to carry out the necessary policies and measures.